A mental health disorder known as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can arise in certain individuals who have gone through a terrible incident. Typically, we think of PTSD as affecting individuals who directly experience trauma, such as combat veterans, survivors of natural disasters, or victims of violence. However, an emerging area of research and discussion explores the concept of whether PTSD can be contagious, affecting not only those who directly experience trauma but also those who witness or hear about traumatic events secondhand.

What is Contagious PTSD?

Contagious PTSD, also known as secondary PTSD or vicarious trauma, refers to the phenomenon where individuals who are close to someone with PTSD, or who repeatedly hear about traumatic events, may themselves develop PTSD-like symptoms. This concept challenges the traditional understanding that PTSD is strictly an individualized response to personal trauma.

Mechanisms of Contagious PTSD

• Empathy and Emotional Resonance: When individuals empathize deeply with someone who has experienced trauma, their emotional reactions can mirror those of the traumatized person. This emotional resonance can lead to stress reactions and the development of PTSD symptoms.
• Repeated Exposure to Trauma Narratives: Professionals such as therapists, first responders, or journalists who repeatedly hear detailed accounts of trauma may experience secondary trauma. This exposure can trigger symptoms similar to PTSD, including intrusive thoughts, nightmares, and avoidance behaviors.
• Social and Cultural Factors: Cultural narratives, media coverage, and social media can amplify the impact of traumatic events, exposing larger populations to stories of trauma. This widespread exposure can increase the likelihood of individuals developing symptoms similar to PTSD.

Examples of Contagious PTSD

• Family Members of Trauma Survivors: Close family members who witness the suffering of a loved one with PTSD may develop symptoms themselves due to the stress and emotional strain of caregiving.
• Media Professionals: Journalists reporting on traumatic events, such as war zones or natural disasters, may experience secondary trauma from their exposure to graphic details and human suffering.

Coping and Prevention

 1. Psychoeducation and Awareness

Educating individuals about the signs and symptoms of PTSD and contagious PTSD is crucial. By raising awareness, individuals can recognize early warning signs in themselves and others. This awareness can help reduce stigma and promote early intervention.

Encouraging healthy self-care practices is essential for managing stress and preventing the onset of PTSD symptoms. These practices may include:

• Mindfulness and Relaxation Techniques: Teaching relaxation techniques, mindfulness meditation, and deep breathing exercises can help individuals manage stress and regulate emotions.
• Physical Activity: Regular exercise has been shown to reduce symptoms of anxiety and depression, which are common in PTSD and secondary trauma.
• Healthy Lifestyle Choices: Promoting adequate sleep, nutrition, and hydration can support overall mental and physical health

• Limiting Exposure: Professionals like therapists and journalists can benefit from limiting exposure to traumatic content and taking breaks to process emotions.
• Seeking Peer Support: Establishing peer support networks or debriefing sessions can provide a safe space for individuals to share experiences and emotions.

4. Professional Support and Therapy

For individuals experiencing symptoms of secondary trauma or contagious PTSD, seeking professional help is essential. Therapeutic interventions may include:

• Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT): CBT techniques can help individuals challenge negative thought patterns and develop coping strategies to manage stress and trauma triggers.
• Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR): EMDR therapy has been effective in treating PTSD by helping individuals process traumatic memories and reduce distressing symptoms.
• Trauma-Informed Care: Providing trauma-informed care in professional settings ensures that individuals affected by trauma receive compassionate and supportive treatment.

5.  Organizational and Systemic Support

In workplaces or organizations where employees are exposed to trauma (e.g., healthcare, emergency services), implementing systemic supports can protect against secondary trauma:

• Training and Supervision: Providing ongoing training in trauma-informed practices and regular supervision can help professionals manage the emotional demands of their roles.
• Policies and Protocols: Developing clear policies and protocols for handling traumatic incidents can provide structure and support for employees.
• Creating a Supportive Culture: Fostering a culture of open communication, empathy, and support within organizations can promote resilience and reduce the stigma associated with seeking help.

Conclusion

While PTSD is traditionally viewed as an individual response to trauma, the concept of contagious PTSD challenges this perception by highlighting the broader impact of trauma on social networks and communities. By understanding the mechanisms and risk factors of contagious PTSD, we can better support individuals who are at risk and foster resilience in the face of trauma.

Moreover, in the digital age, Online counselling has emerged as a vital resource for individuals affected by both primary and secondary trauma. Online platforms provide accessible avenues for seeking professional help, offering confidential support that can be crucial for those experiencing symptoms of PTSD, whether directly or indirectly. Furthermore, India boasts some of the Best psychologist in india who specialize in trauma and PTSD treatment, offering expertise and culturally sensitive approaches to managing and overcoming traumatic experiences. Access to these professionals is essential for ensuring comprehensive support and recovery for individuals affected by contagious PTSD.

Contributed by: Dr (Prof) R K Suri, Clinical Psychologist & Life Coach &  Ms. Nicole Fernandes, Counselling Psychologist

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.
•  Figley, C. R. (Ed.). (1995). Compassion fatigue: Coping with secondary traumatic stress disorder in those who treat the traumatized. Routledge.
•  Pearlman, L. A., & Mac Ian, P. S. (1995). Vicarious traumatization: A framework for understanding the psychological effects of working with victims. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 8(1), 75-91.
•  Sabin-Farrell, R., & Turpin, G. (2003). Vicarious traumatization: Implications for the mental health of health workers? Clinical Psychology Review, 23(3), 449-480.
• https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/role-of-counseling-for-ptsd
• https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/what-is-cptsd-complex-ptsd-symptoms-and-treatment
• https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/understanding-the-triggers-of-cptsd
• https://www.talktoangel.com/blog/10-step-guide-to-heal-from-complex-trauma