The Polyvagal Theory, developed by Dr. Stephen Porges, revolutionizes our understanding of the connection between the nervous system, stress, and trauma. Central to this theory is the role of the vagus nerve, a critical component of the autonomic nervous system (ANS), in shaping our responses to safety, danger, and life-threatening situations. The ANS comprises three hierarchical states: the social engagement system (ventral vagus), the fight-or-flight system (sympathetic), and the shutdown response (dorsal vagus). The Polyvagal Theory highlights how these states influence our behavior, emotions, and ability to engage with the world.

Polyvagal Theory (PVT), also outlines three key principles that provide a deeper understanding of how the autonomic nervous system (ANS) influences human behaviour and physiological responses to stress.

• Hierarchy of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

According to PVT, the autonomic nervous system operates in a hierarchical manner, with three distinct responses: the ventral vagal system (associated with safety and social engagement), the sympathetic nervous system (triggered in response to danger or stress, activating the fight or flight response in form anxiety), and the dorsal vagal system (which shuts down bodily systems in extreme danger, leading to immobilization or collapse). These responses are activated based on perceived safety or threat, helping individuals adapt to different environments and challenges.

• Neuroception

Neuroception refers to the brain's ability to automatically and unconsciously assess safety or danger in the environment. This process occurs without conscious awareness, where sensory information from the body, environment, and social interactions is evaluated to determine whether the individual is in a state of safety, threat, or life threat. Neuroception influences the activation of the appropriate autonomic response, facilitating survival and social interaction.

• Co-Regulation

Co-regulation emphasizes the role of social interactions in regulating the autonomic nervous system. Humans rely on relationships and social connections to help manage their internal states. The polyvagal system is particularly sensitive to cues from others, such as facial expressions, tone of voice, and body language, which play a key role in how individuals maintain a sense of calm and safety. Positive social engagement, such as feeling understood and supported by others, can help restore balance in the autonomic nervous system, promoting emotional well-being.

These principles underscore the importance of the autonomic nervous system in regulating our emotional and physiological responses, and they provide insight into how social and environmental factors influence mental and physical health.

It is understood that stress and a sense of safety significantly impact the functioning of the nervous system, often shifting it into prolonged states of hyper-arousal (fight-or-flight) or hypo-arousal (shutdown). For instance, individuals exposed to traumatic events might experience emotional detachment, hypervigilance, or difficulties forming relationships. Trauma alters neuroception, making individuals perceive danger even in benign situations. For example, a person with unresolved trauma might misinterpret a loud sound as a threat, triggering a physiological stress response.

Role of the Nervous System in Stress and Trauma

Severe stress and traumatic events might disrupt the nervous system's balance, trapping individuals in survival states and pushing individuals into prolonged states of fight-or-flight or dorsal vagal shutdown.  The ventral vagus, responsible for social engagement and feelings of safety, becomes less accessible during trauma. Instead, the sympathetic system or the dorsal vagus dominates, causing symptoms such as panic, dissociation, symptoms of depression, anxiousness, or in some cases a sense of numbness. Emotional shutdown, a common consequence of trauma, is a dorsal vagal response where individuals disconnect from their environment and emotions to cope with overwhelming stress. Emotional shutdown manifests as a withdrawal from relationships and activities, often accompanied by a lack of motivation. For instance, a person experiencing workplace harassment may retreat emotionally, avoiding interactions and responsibilities. This state can perpetuate isolation and hinder recovery without intervention. This adaptive mechanism, while protective during acute trauma, can lead to long-term psychological challenges, such as depression or emotional unavailability.

Coming Out of Emotional Shutdown 

Ensuring safety within the body involves strategies to promote the ventral vagal state. Trust-based relationships are key, as supportive interactions help calm the nervous system through co-regulation. Internally, self-soothing techniques such as deep breathing and visualization cultivate resilience. Emotional awareness is another crucial factor, allowing individuals to understand their feelings and differentiate between actual and perceived threats, fostering healthier responses to stress, and establishing emotional regulation practices. Mindful practices like meditation and yoga also help regulate the nervous system by promoting presence and balance.

Coming out of an emotional shutdown requires gradually re-engaging with safety-promoting activities. Establishing relationships, even through small interactions, helps rebuild trust and connection. Physical activities like gentle stretching reconnect the body and mind while pacing and patience ensure sustainable recovery. These steps support the nervous system in regaining balance, ultimately enabling individuals to build resilience and navigate stress effectively.

Interventions for Trauma Recovery

Other than the above-mentioned interventions, Polyvagal-informed therapies can help individuals focus on fostering safety and re-establishing connection with themselves and others. Techniques such as somatic experiencing, mindfulness, and breathwork target the nervous system directly, helping individuals transition out of survival states. For instance, slow, diaphragmatic breathing stimulates the ventral vagus, promoting relaxation and a sense of safety. Additionally, therapeutic methods like Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) align with the Polyvagal Theory by addressing traumatic memories through a regulated environment.

Incorporating movement and rhythm, such as yoga or dancing, can also support trauma recovery. These practices help individuals reconnect with their bodies, releasing stored tension and enhancing their capacity for emotional regulation. For example, trauma-sensitive yoga classes have shown promise in helping survivors feel grounded and safe in their bodies.

Role of Therapy and Online Counseling

Trauma-focused therapy, such as Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (TF-CBT) and somatic approaches, integrate the principles of the Polyvagal Theory to help individuals heal. These therapies work by addressing the body’s physiological responses to trauma and building coping strategies to manage stress. A therapist or an online counsellor trained in Polyvagal Theory might use guided breathing exercises to help a client shift from hyper-arousal to calmness during a session.

The Polyvagal Theory offers a transformative framework for understanding the profound impact of trauma on the nervous system. By prioritizing safety and connection, individuals can gradually heal from their traumatic experiences, nurture social relationships, foster emotional resilience, and adopt comprehensive well-being.

Conclusion

In conclusion, the Polyvagal Theory provides a powerful lens through which we can understand the intricate relationship between the nervous system, stress, and trauma. By recognizing the role of the autonomic nervous system in regulating our emotional and physiological responses, we gain valuable insights into how trauma affects our ability to engage with the world and form meaningful connections. Through practices that promote safety, trust, and social engagement, individuals can heal and build resilience, ultimately restoring balance to their nervous systems. Therapeutic approaches grounded in Polyvagal Theory, such as somatic experiencing and trauma-focused therapies, offer effective tools for recovery, enabling individuals to regain a sense of well-being and navigate life's challenges with greater emotional regulation and strength. For those experiencing social anxiety or emotional challenges, seeking support from online counselling platforms like TalktoAngel can provide access to trained professionals. Whether through online counselling or in-person sessions, working with the best psychologists in India can help individuals foster emotional resilience and achieve lasting healing.

Contribution: Dr (Prof) R K Suri, Clinical Psychologist, life coach & mentor TalktoAngel & Mr Utkarsh Yadav, Counselling Psychologist.

References

• Porges, Stephen. (2022). Polyvagal Theory: A Science of Safety. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. DOI:10.3389/fnint.2022.871227
• Porges, Stephen. (2009). The polyvagal theory: New insights into adaptive reactions of the autonomic nervous system. Cleveland Clinic journal of medicine. 76 Suppl 2. S86-90. DOI:10.3949/ccjm.76.s2.17
• Vanderpal, Geoffrey & Brazie, Randy. (2023). Exploration of How Polyvagal Theory and Autonomic Nervous System Impact Organizational Performance Through Reduced Employee Turnover and Improved Work Culture. Journal of Strategic Innovation and Sustainability. DOI:10.33423/jsis.v18i3.6528